Hemorrhoids are varicose (enlarged and swollen) veins around the outside of the anus or in the lower rectum. The rectum is the last part of the bowel that leads to the anus, the opening at the end of the bowel where fecal matter leaves the body. Everyone has hemorrhoidal tissue in this area that’s made up of blood vessels, connective tissue, and some muscle. These “cushions” don’t always become enlarged or distended, but as we age, this phenomenon becomes more common — causing what we call hemorrhoids, also known as piles. Hemorrhoids can be caused in a number of ways, often by straining to make a bowel movement. Lifting heavy objects, along with other activities that may cause straining, can also lead to hemorrhoids. Experiencing increased pressure during pregnancy and being overweight are other contributing factors. Hemorrhoids may be painful and particularly bothersome if they are recurrent, but they are not dangerous or life-threatening, and symptoms usually go away within a few days. There are plenty of effective ways to treat them, as well as options for the less common types of hemorrhoids that may be more problematic.

When the skin of the anus gets cut or damaged, that is called an anal fissure. It is very similar to what happens when our dry lips get chaffed. Fissures typically bleed and cause pain, which is why they are often confused with haemorrhoids/ piles. When the anal muscles are stretched too far, it usually causes strain on the anus. This can occur to people who suffer from constipation or prolonged diarrhoea. It also occurs for older patients due to decreased blood flow to the anal area. It is not uncommon for women to develop anal fissures after giving birth as well. And it can also happen to people who have Crohn’s disease. With more severe cases of anus tearing, an external lump will form on the anus. These are the sentinel piles tell-tale of chronic fissures. The issue of anal fissures can be solved by medicine or by surgery and also by laparoscopic treatment. Symptoms Some signs and symptoms of anal fissures : Pain during bowel movement Pain after the bowel movements Blood on the stool or toilet paper Anal itching Visible damage to the skin of the anus A small lump that’s close to the anal fissure. Treatments Chemical Sphincterotomy Chemical Sphincterotomy is basically a Botox Injection for anal fissures; it is a very common Treatment for Anal Fissures. If the anal fissure doesn’t heal, it’s usually because of the spasm of the internal anal sphincter muscle which reduces blood supply to that area and further aggravation occurs to the fissure during the passage of motion through a spasmodic anal canal. The Botox is injected into the anal sphincter. This injection is used to prevent spasm and cause temporary paralytic relaxation until the tissues are renewed. The effects last for three months and the anal fissure heals during that time. Percutaneous Closed Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy This surgery, popularly known as CLIS, is a quick minimal invasive surgical method performed by specialized doctors under local anaesthesia that is used to treat chronic anal fissures. It is performed on the internal part of the anal muscle, the internal anal sphincter. The surgical procedure basically lowers the pressure of the internal anal sphincter and the spasm is reduced by dividing this internal anal sphincter. The fissure is healed because anal spasm is lowered and blood flow to the area is improved. Due to the closed technique, the wound is smaller and it heals faster.

An Inguinal Hernia is a gap in the strong tissue in the abdomen which holds the stomach muscles. It occurs in the abdominal muscles and weakens them which cause a bulge in the stomach. Hernia causes discomfort and pain in the stomach. Both men and women can get inguinal hernia. Symptoms of Inguinal Hernia: It can cause a severe pain in abdomen especially in pelvis region. The later symptoms also result in swelling and severe pain in the testicles or groin area. Apart from that the patients who are suffering from inguinal hernia have a problem in walking straight and straining the abdominal muscles by lifting up some things. Diagnosis: The diagnosis of this type of hernia is physical examination as the doctor can see and feel the bulge. For further diagnosis other tests like ultrasound and CT scan is also done. Treatment and Recovery: The surgery of inguinal hernia is done with laparoscopic approach with the help of instrument called laparoscope. Small incisions are made in the abdomen to insert the laparoscope and treat the hernia. This technique is also known as keyhole surgery. Patient takes about 1 to 2 weeks to get properly recover after the surgery. They have to wait atleast for 4 weeks to start exercising after the operation.